Rujukan Perkauman di dunia Arab

  1. ↑ Bernard Lewis (1992). Race and slavery in the Middle East: an historical enquiry. Oxford University Press. m/s. 53. ISBN 978-0-19-505326-5.
  2. ↑ Kevin Reilly; Stephen Kaufman; Angela Bodino (2002-09-30). Racism: A Global Reader. M.E. Sharpe. m/s. 52–58. ISBN 978-0-7656-1060-7.
  3. ↑ El Hamel, Chouki (2002). "'Race', slavery and Islam in Maghribi Mediterranean thought: the question of the Haratin in Morocco". The Journal of North African Studies. 7 (3): 29–52 [39–40]. doi:10.1080/13629380208718472.
  4. ↑ Yosef Ben-Jochannan (1991). African origins of the major "Western religions". Black Classic Press. m/s. 231. ISBN 978-0-933121-29-4.
  5. ↑ "Medieval Sourcebook: Abû Ûthmân al-Jâhiz: From The Essays, c. 860 CE". Medieval Sourcebook. July 1998. Dicapai pada 2008-12-07.
  6. ↑ Lewis, Bernard (2002). Race and Slavery in the Middle East. Oxford University Press. m/s. 93. ISBN 978-0-19-505326-5.
  7. ↑ Penn, Michael Philip (5 June 2015). Envisioning Islam: Syriac Christians and the Early Muslim World. m/s. 59. ISBN 9780812291445.
  8. ↑ Brian Whitaker: The existence of racist attitudes within some Arab countries is often denied, resulting in scandalous displays of prejudice against certain ethnic groups. Friday 8 September 2006, The Guardian
  9. ↑ Halliday, Fred (2000). Nation and Religion in the Middle East. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner. m/s. 117–118. ISBN 1-55587-910-1.
  10. ↑ M. GIELING, SASKIA. "IRAQ vii. IRAN-IRAQ WAR". Encyclopædia Iranica. Dicapai pada 2011-06-15.
  11. ↑ Yambo Ouologuem: postcolonial writer, Islamic militant, Christopher Wise, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1999, p. 4.
  12. ↑ Hilde F. Johnson, Waging Peace in Sudan: The Inside Story of the Negotiations That Ended, Trans Pacific Press, 2011, p. 38.
  13. ↑ Vukoni Lupa Lasaga Diarkibkan 2014-09-01 di Wayback Machine "The slow, violent death of apartheid in Sudan," 19 September 2006, Norwegian Council for Africa.
  14. ↑ Alan Dershowitz, The Case Against Israel's Enemies:Exposing Jimmy Carter and Others Who Stand in the Way of Peace, John Wiley and Sons, 2009, p. 24.
  15. ↑ Hubert Bauch "Ex-minister speaks out against Sudan's al-Bashir" Montreal Gazette, march 6, 2009.
  16. 1 2 Khalid, Sunni M. (February 7, 2011). "The Root: Race And Racism Divide Egypt". npr.org. Dicapai pada March 3, 2011.
  17. ↑ "Shikabala ends Egypt career over racist taunts". usatoday.com. Dec 31, 2010. Dicapai pada May 31, 2015.
  18. ↑ "Egypt arrests 14 for racism against top Zamalek footballer, Shikabala". The New Arab. November 30, 2020. Dicapai pada December 1, 2022.
  19. ↑ "III. Racist attitudes and Racially-Motivated Identity Checks and Detentions". Dicapai pada 17 June 2015.
  20. ↑ Saunders, Doug (1 March 2011). "At a Tense Border Crossing, a Systematic Effort To Keep Black Africans Out". The Globe and Mail. Canada. Dicapai pada 3 March 2011.
  21. ↑ "UNHCR concerned as sub-Saharan Africans targeted in Libya". UNHCR. Geneva. 25 August 2011. Dicapai pada 14 February 2012.
  22. ↑ Sengupta, Kim (27 August 2011). "Rebels settle scores in Libyan capital". The Independent. Tripoli. Dicapai pada 14 February 2012.
  23. ↑ "Gadhafi Loyalists?". CNN. 31 August 2011. Dicapai pada 14 February 2012.
  24. ↑ The New World of Islam by Lothrop Stoddard, 2009, History, p. 201, The Middle East, abstracts and index, Part 4 about "Jihadi Movements Worldwide: Abstracts & Documents", p. 1111, from Library Information and Research Service Published by Northumberland Press, 2004
  25. ↑ Out of step: life-story of a politician : politics and religion in a world at war by Jack Brian Bloom, Indiana University, p. 112
  26. ↑ Sivan, Emmanuel (26 September 1990). Radical Islam: medieval theology and ... - Google Books. ISBN 0300049153. Dicapai pada 2011-04-22.
  27. ↑ Arab-Iranian relations By Khair el-Din Haseeb, K. Haseeb, Markaz Dirāsāt al-Waḥdah al-Arabīyah, Beirut, Lebanon, published by Centre for Arab Unity Studies, 1998, p. 368
  28. ↑ "Arabs' Dream of Pan-Arabism". Amislam.com. 2007-10-07. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2010-11-19. Dicapai pada 2014-07-13.
  29. ↑ Ali A. Allawi, The occupation of Iraq: winning the war, losing the peace p. 438
  30. ↑ Patai, Raphael; Patai, Jennifer (1989). The myth of the Jewish race - Google Books. ISBN 0814319483. Dicapai pada 2011-04-22.
  31. ↑ White skin black mask interview with Kamel Riahi
  32. ↑ "JewishPost.com - Remarkable Speech by Simon Deng, Once a Sudanese Slave, Addressing the Durban Conference in New York". Dicapai pada 17 June 2015.
  33. ↑ Brooke, James (June 5, 1988). "African Disputes Pit Arab Vs. Black". The New York Times.
  34. ↑ "Libya: Dreamland of "One Africa" Betrayed". Theperspective.org. 2000-10-23. Dicapai pada 2011-04-22.
  35. ↑ Slackman, Michael (2009-03-22). "New Status in Africa Empowers an Ever-Eccentric Qaddafi". The New York Times. Libya;Africa. Dicapai pada 2011-04-22.
  36. ↑ "UN Watch Turns Tables on Libyan Chair, Exposes Durban 2 Hypocrisy". Unwatch.org. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2011-11-22. Dicapai pada 2011-04-22.
  37. ↑ "In Tripoli, African 'mercenaries' at risk". Csmonitor.
  38. ↑ "Amnesty finds widespread use of torture by Libyan militias". The Guardian.
  39. ↑ Daoud, Kamel (2016-05-02). "Opinion | Black in Algeria? Then You'd Better Be Muslim". The New York Times (dalam bahasa Inggeris). ISSN 0362-4331. Dicapai pada 2018-12-08.
  40. ↑ "Video campaign tackles dual-national 'racism' in Algerian football". Middle East Eye (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2018-12-08.
  41. ↑ Racism The Arab world's dirty secret, Mona Eltahawy, New York Times, December 10, 2008
  42. ↑ "Egypt crackdown on African migrants hits Eritreans". Sudan Tribune.
  43. ↑ "Egyptian troops execute another Darfur refugee". israel today. 2008-08-06. Dicapai pada 2011-04-22.
  44. ↑ The Journal of international studies, Volumes 30-31 By Sophia University. Institute of International Relations p. 31
  45. ↑ Africa insight, Volumes 23-24, 1993, p. 45
  46. ↑ Daoud, Kamel (May 2, 2016). "Opinion | Black in Algeria? Then You'd Better Be Muslim" – melalui NYTimes.com.
  47. ↑ "IRAQ: Black Iraqis hoping for a Barack Obama win". Los Angeles Times. 2008-08-14.
  48. ↑ "Black Iraqis In Basra Face Racism". NPR. Dicapai pada 2011-04-22.
  49. ↑ Autonomy, sovereignty, and self-determination: the accommodation of conflicting rights, Hurst Hannum – 1996, p. 198
  50. ↑ Geographical abstracts: Human geography, Volume 14, Issues 5-8, published by Elsevier/Geo Abstracts 2002, p. 852
  51. ↑ "Syria's Kurds Struggle for Rights". 28 October 2009.
  52. ↑ "Kurdistan issues in press interviews: Dr Fuad Omar". Ekurd.net. 2008-06-20. Dicapai pada 2011-04-22.
  53. ↑ "The Free Copts - Epilogue-Al-Maqrizi (1364-1442): A witness & chronicler from the late medieval ages-Part VII". freecopts.net. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 22 June 2009. Dicapai pada 3 February 2022.
  54. ↑ Minorities in the Middle East: a history of struggle and self-expression by Mordechai Nisan, pp 143–144
  55. ↑ Minorities in the Middle East: a history of struggle and self-expression by Mordechai Nisan, pp 143–144
  56. ↑ "القردة الزانية - الأقباط الأحرار The Free Copts". Freecopts.net. Dicapai pada 2011-04-22.
  57. ↑ "A Test of Faith". Orderofmaltacolombia.org. 1997-02-12. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 23 May 2012. Dicapai pada 2011-04-22.
  58. ↑ "A Struggle Against Intolerance Embattled Coptic". Netanyahu.org. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2001-01-28. Dicapai pada 2011-04-22.
  59. ↑ Social exclusion: rhetoric, reality, responses, Gerry Rodgers, Charles G. Gore, José B. Figueiredo, International Institute for Labour Studies, United Nations Development Programme – Business & Economics, p. 181
  60. ↑ "Slaves in impoverished Yemen dream of freedom". Alarabiya.net. 2010-07-21. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2012-01-12. Dicapai pada 2011-04-22.
  61. ↑ Race and slavery in the Middle East: an historical enquiry by Bernard Lewis p. 32 https://books.google.com/books?id=WdjvedBeMHYC&pg=PA32
  62. ↑ "Press kit: Issues - Racism against Indigenous peoples - World Conference Against Racism". Un.org. 1999-04-01. Dicapai pada 2011-04-22.
  63. ↑ "The Maghreb in Black and White - By Brian T. Edwards". Foreign Policy. 2005-01-05. Dicapai pada 2015-05-31.
  64. ↑ "Berbers: The Proud Raiders | BBC World Service". Bbc.co.uk. Dicapai pada 2011-04-22.
  65. ↑ "kalebeul » Berbers attack Moroccan state racism". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 28 October 2006. Dicapai pada 17 June 2015.
  66. ↑ "Berber Leader Belkacem Lounes_ 'There Is No Worse Colonialism Than That of the Pan-Arabist Clan that Wants to Dominate Our People' - CIJR Databank". Dicapai pada 31 May 2015.
  67. ↑ Donald, James; Rattansi, Ali (21 April 1992). Race, Culture and Difference by James Donald, Ali Rattansi p 27. ISBN 9780803985803. Dicapai pada 2011-04-22.
  68. ↑ "Asian maids in Gulf face maltreatment". Middle East Online. 10 October 2004. Dicapai pada 31 May 2015.
  69. ↑ Rabiya Parekh (2006-04-04). "World Service - World Have Your Say: South Asian workers in Saudi". BBC. Dicapai pada 2011-04-22.
  70. ↑ "Saudi Arabia: Asian immigrant forced to clean mosques for 'skipping prayers' - Adnkronos Religion". Adnkronos.com. 2003-04-07. Dicapai pada 2011-04-22.
  71. ↑ Prusher, Ilene (2009-06-16). "Poll: 90% of ME views [ews unfavorably". Jpost.com. Dicapai pada 2011-04-22.
  72. ↑ Sutter, John D. (March 2012). "Slavery's last stronghold". CNN.

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